White shark diets vary with age and among individuals

ScienceDaily (Sep. 28, 2012) ? Many white sharks shift from fish to marine mammals as they mature, but individual sharks show surprising variability in dietary preferences.

White sharks, the largest predatory sharks in the ocean, are thought of as apex predators that feed primarily on seals and sea lions. But a new study by researchers at the University of California, Santa Cruz, shows surprising variability in the dietary preferences of individual sharks.

The researchers described their findings in a paper published online September 28 in PLoS ONE. They analyzed the composition of growth bands in shark vertebrae to trace variations in diet over a shark's lifetime. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen incorporated into an animal's tissues serve as a natural tracer of dietary inputs.

"We did find that white shark diets changed with age, as expected, but we were surprised that the patterns and extent of change differed among individuals," said Sora Kim, who led the study as a UCSC graduate student and is now at the University of Wyoming.

The researchers analyzed vertebrae of 15 adult white sharks that had been caught along the west coast (14 off California and one off Baja California). Sharks in this population consume a wide range of prey, including seals, sea lions, dolphins, fish, and squid. But not every shark eats the same mix of prey, said coauthor Paul Koch, professor of Earth and planetary sciences at UCSC.

"We confirmed that the diets of many individuals observed at seal and sea lion rookeries shift from fish to marine mammals as the sharks mature," he said. "In addition, we discovered that different individual sharks may specialize on different types of prey. These two types of flexibility in feeding behavior are difficult to document using traditional methods, but may be very important for understanding how the population is supported by the eastern Pacific ecosystem and how it may respond to changes in that ecosystem."

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) recently announced that it will consider whether to protect the west coast population of white sharks under the Endangered Species Act.

Tagging studies have shown that the white sharks found along the California coast have a regular migratory pattern, cruising coastal sites from late summer to early winter and moving to offshore areas during the rest of the year. While sharks within this population may have predictable movement patterns, the new study shows that there are important dietary and behavioral differences among individual sharks.

The study relied on vertebrae obtained from white shark specimens in various collections. The sharks had been caught at different times and places along the coast from 1957 to 2000. "Interestingly, we do see a small shift in diet as marine mammal populations increased after the passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act in 1972," Kim said.

In addition to Kim and Koch, the coauthors of the paper include James Estes, professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at UCSC, and Tim Tinker, a biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey and adjunct professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at UCSC. This research was funded by the National Science Foundation.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of California - Santa Cruz. The original article was written by Tim Stephens.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Kim SL, Tinker MT, Estes JA, Koch PL. Ontogenetic and Among-Individual Variation in Foraging Strategies of Northeast Pacific White Sharks Based on Stable Isotope Analysis. PLoS ONE, 2012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045068

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/strange_science/~3/jMjVYCiUi9g/120929140238.htm

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Researchers develop editing toolkit for customizing zebrafish genomes

ScienceDaily (Sep. 23, 2012) ? Mayo Clinic researchers and an international team of scientists have developed a highly-efficient means of editing zebrafish genomes for research purposes, eliminating a bottleneck that has stymied biomedical scientists from using the fish as a model for human disease.

The details appear online today in the journal Nature.

For many researchers, zebrafish are becoming the model of choice for genetic studies. However, the inability to efficiently target genetic modifications has delayed their use by some. The Mayo team used an improved variant of artificial transcription activator-like effector nucleases, or TALENs, to provide a new approach.

"By using genetic engineering tools called TALENs and synthetic DNA to make defined changes in the genomes of our fish, we are able to make small changes (just a few nucleotides) as well as add a specific sequence for biological gene switch applications," says Stephen Ekker, Ph.D., senior author and head of Mayo's zebrafish core facility. "This is the first time we've been able to make custom changes to the zebrafish genome."

Dr. Ekker says this toolkit opens the door to a range of new experiments in zebrafish, including modeling of human disease by introducing small point mutations, designing regulated gene alleles, and developing classical structure/function experiments using an animal model system.

This new approach has implications for other model systems, including mice, rats, flies and worms, and possible applications in stem cell research.

"To our knowledge, this TALEN toolkit also is the most active described to date," says Dr. Ekker. "This has important implications for the growing TALEN field, whether used in fish or any other cells. We used this higher activity for genome editing applications. We also used it to conduct a series of somatic gene function assessments, opening the door to an array of non-germline experiments in zebrafish."

Other authors include Victoria Bedell, Jarryd Campbell, Tanya Poshusta, Randall Krug, Sumedha Penheiter, Ph.D., Alvin Ma, Ph.D., and Karl Clark, Ph.D., all of Mayo Clinic; Ying Wang, Ph.D., and Jeffrey Essner, Ph.D., of Iowa State University; Colby Starker, Ph.D., Wenfang Tan, Ph.D., Scott Fahrenkrug, Ph.D., Daniel Carlson, Ph.D., and Daniel Voytas, Ph.D., all of the University of Minnesota; and Anskar Y. H. Leung, M.D., Ph.D., of Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong.

Support for the research came from the State of Minnesota, the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, the Research Grant Council of the University of Hong Kong and the Tang King Yin Research Fund.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Mayo Clinic.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Victoria M. Bedell, Ying Wang, Jarryd M. Campbell, Tanya L. Poshusta, Colby G. Starker, Randall G. Krug II, Wenfang Tan, Sumedha G. Penheiter, Alvin C. Ma, Anskar Y. H. Leung, Scott C. Fahrenkrug, Daniel F. Carlson, Daniel F. Voytas, Karl J. Clark, Jeffrey J. Essner, Stephen C. Ekker. In vivo genome editing using a high-efficiency TALEN system. Nature, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/nature11537

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_environment/~3/NY5ZSCdufwk/120923141214.htm

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Vick rallies turnover-prone Eagles past Ravens

By ROB MAADDI

AP Pro Football Writer

Associated Press Sports

updated 7:52 p.m. ET Sept. 16, 2012

PHILADELPHIA (AP) - With the game on the line, Michael Vick made all the right decisions - again.

Vick scored on a 1-yard TD run with 1:55 left, helping the Philadelphia Eagles overcome a slew of turnovers to beat the Baltimore Ravens 24-23 on Sunday for their second straight comeback win.

The Eagles are 2-0 for the first time since Donovan McNabb and Terrell Owens led them to the Super Bowl in 2004.

"In the moment, you have to be at your best," Vick said. "It's got to be an any-means-necessary mentality."

Rookie kicker Justin Tucker made field goals of 56, 51 and 48 yards for the Ravens, but Joe Flacco couldn't get Baltimore (1-1) in his range in the final minute.

Flacco overthrew Ray Rice on fourth-and-1 from the Ravens 46, and the Eagles ran out the clock.

Vick threw four interceptions at Cleveland last week, but rallied the Eagles to a 17-16 win.

He did it again, though the replacement officials almost made a costly mistake.

Down 23-17, the Eagles started at their 20 with 4:43 left. Vick threw passes of 24 and 13 yards to Brent Celek. A 19-yard pass to Clay Harbor coupled with a roughing-the-passer penalty put the ball at the 3.

Vick then threw incomplete as he was being hit by Haloti Ngata, but the play was ruled a fumble and it was recovered by the Ravens. A replay overturned the call and Vick scored on the next play.

"There's some serious calls the refs missed," Baltimore's Ray Lewis said. "It's just the way it is, man, all around the league. We have to correct that. These games are critical. Guys are giving everything they've got all across the league. But these are calls, with the regular refs, if they were here, we know the way the calls would be made."

The Eagles committed three turnovers in the red zone in the first half and lost two starting offensive linemen in the second. They have nine turnovers in two games, a major reason why they only have 41 points despite totaling 942 yards of offense.

"We have to get better at it," coach Andy Reid said. "You have to take care of the football. You have to throw the football to the right person. This isn't something we planned on having."

Vick finished 23 of 32 for 371 yards with one touchdown and two interceptions. Celek had eight catches for 157 yards and DeSean Jackson had seven receptions for 114 yards.

This was a homecoming of sorts for Flacco and Ravens coach John Harbaugh. Flacco grew up in nearby Haddon Township, N.J. Harbaugh spent 10 seasons as an assistant under Reid before going to Baltimore in 2008.

Tucker almost made them winners.

An undrafted rookie out of Texas, Tucker beat out veteran kicker Billy Cundiff in the preseason and has made all six of his field goals in the first two games.

Tucker's 56-yarder at the end of the first half sent the Ravens into the locker room up 17-7. His 51-yarder early in the fourth made it 20-17.

Cundiff was 1-for-6 from beyond 50 yards last year, and missed a potential game-tying, 32-yarder against New England in the waning seconds of the AFC championship game.

"I think we'll be just fine coming out of this going forward," Harbaugh said.

Two plays after center Jason Kelce sprained his right knee and was carted back to the locker room, the Eagles got within 17-14 on Vick's 23-yard TD pass to Jeremy Maclin. Vick scrambled to his left and threw on the run to Maclin, who slipped behind coverage and went to his knees to make a nifty catch.

Philadelphia lost two more starters on its next drive. First, King Dunlap left with a hamstring injury. Maclin was then carted off with a hip pointer after making a block on Celek's 24-yard catch. Celek hurdled Ed Reed to gain a few extra yards on the play. Still, the Eagles reached the 5 before settling for Alex Henery's tying 23-yard field goal.

The starting quarterbacks were coming off opposite performances in Week 1. While Vick struggled against the Browns, Flacco was near-flawless in a dominant 44-13 win against Cincinnati last Monday night.

Flacco was 22 of 42 for 232 yards, one TD and one interception against Philadelphia.

Despite the makeshift line blocking for him, Vick didn't take as many hard hits and was sacked only twice. He scrambled eight times for 36 yards before kneeling twice at the end.

Using the no-huddle from the start, the Eagles moved the ball effectively to the Ravens 12. But Vick made another errant throw and was intercepted in the end zone by Bernard Pollard. Vick scrambled out of the pocket and had space, but he fired opposite his momentum.

"You can't always hit a home run," Vick said. "Sometimes you have to settle for singles and doubles. That's what I have to learn. I can't force the ball."

Trent Cole stripped Flacco on Baltimore's second play and Cullen Jenkins recovered at the Ravens 15.

McCoy ran in from the 1 for a 7-0 lead.

Vonta Leach scored on a 5-yard TD run to tie it at 7.

After the Ravens failed to convert on a fake punt - Sean Considine ran 3 yards on fourth-and-4 - the Eagles took over at Baltimore's 45. The drive ended in another turnover. Rookie Bryce Brown fumbled a handoff on third-and-1 at the 20, and Albert McClellan recovered at the 30.

Flacco connected with Jacoby Jones on a 21-yard TD pass to give the Ravens a 14-7 lead.

The Eagles drove to the Ravens 9 before Lardarius Webb caused McCoy to fumble. Lewis recovered and was slammed down to the ground by Vick. McCoy had one fumble last year when he was an All-Pro. He already has lost two in two games.

Notes: Rice ran for 99 yards and caught six passes for 53 more. ... Eagles improved to 5-9 in home openers under Reid and won one for first time since 2008. ... Tucker's 56-yard FG tied Wade Richey for longest in Ravens history. ... Entering the season, McCoy had lost one fumble in the previous 28 games, spanning 565 touches. He lost his second on his 36th touch. ... Dallas Reynolds replaced Kelce at center and took his first snap in the NFL.

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? 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

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49ers cage Lions

??Alex Smith threw two touchdowns to Vernon Davis, Frank Gore ran for 89 yards and a score and the San Francisco 49ers beat the Detroit Lions 27-19 on Sunday night.

Jeff Zelevansky / Getty Images

Manning's banner day rallies Giants past Bucs

Eli Manning threw for 510 yards, and Andre Brown's 2-yard run with 31 seconds left lifted the New York Giants from a 14-point deficit to a wild 41-34 victory Sunday over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

Source: http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/49054516/ns/sports-nfl/

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Eastwood talks about convention chat with chair

Actor Clint Eastwood addresses the Republican National Convention in Tampa, Fla., on Thursday, Aug. 30, 2012. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak)

Actor Clint Eastwood addresses the Republican National Convention in Tampa, Fla., on Thursday, Aug. 30, 2012. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak)

LOS ANGELES (AP) ? Clint Eastwood said the idea to use an empty seat as a prop at the Republican National Convention was a spur-of-the-moment decision when someone backstage asked if he wanted to sit down.

In his first interview since his Aug. 30 appearance at the convention to pledge support for GOP presidential candidate Mitt Romney, Eastwood told the Carmel Pine Cone that his speech was not only unscripted, it was pretty much spontaneous.

"There was a stool there, and some fella kept asking me if I wanted to sit down," Eastwood told the weekly newspaper in the small California city where he once was mayor. "When I saw the stool sitting there, it gave me the idea. I'll just put the stool out there and I'll talk to Mr. Obama and ask him why he didn't keep all of the promises he made to everybody."

Eastwood's peculiar, sometimes rambling conversation with an imaginary President Barack Obama in an empty chair set the blogosphere and social media ablaze. Reaction to his appearance generally has split along party lines, with Republicans raving about his stinging rebuke of Obama and Democrats ridiculing him as old, angry and out of touch.

The 82-year-old Eastwood said he set out to make three points and he achieved his goal.

"That not everybody in Hollywood is on the left, that Obama has broken a lot of the promises he made when he took office, and that the people should feel free to get rid of any politician who's not doing a good job," Eastwood said in the interview, which was conducted Tuesday but not published until Friday. "But I didn't make up my mind exactly what I was going to say until I said it."

Political conventions normally are tightly scripted and Romney's campaign aides had wanted details about what Eastwood planned to say.

"They vet most of the people, but I told them, 'You can't do that with me, because I don't know what I'm going to say,'" Eastwood said.

Eastwood acknowledged his presentation was "very unorthodox" but said he knew that would be the case.

"They've got this crazy actor who's 82 years old up there in a suit," he said. "I was a mayor, and they're probably thinking I know how to give a speech, but even when I was mayor I never gave speeches. I gave talks."

Eastwood said he was told to speak for five minutes but he said it was difficult to gauge time and there weren't any signals or cues telling him to wrap up. He ended up speaking for about 12 minutes.

Romney and his running mate, Paul Ryan, later came backstage to thank him.

"They were very enthusiastic, and we were all laughing," Eastwood said.

Eastwood, who stars in the upcoming movie "Trouble with the Curve," maintains Obama doesn't deserve a second term as president.

"President Obama is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people," Eastwood said. "Romney and Ryan would do a much better job running the country, and that's what everybody needs to know. I may have irritated a lot of the lefties, but I was aiming for people in the middle."

Despite all the attention he received, Eastwood hadn't granted any interviews since his speech. Even his longtime manager, Leonard Hirshan, told The Associated Press he was unaware Eastwood had spoken to the newspaper.

"You're telling me something for the first time," Hirshan said.

Hirshan stressed that as a manager, he wouldn't necessarily know about Eastwood's dealings with the media. The actor has no publicist.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/89ae8247abe8493fae24405546e9a1aa/Article_2012-09-07-Convention-Clint%20Eastwood/id-d75418f52afa418ca1f2b6dbd723d1de

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Plush toy-bags signal pandamonium in Singapore By Romesh Navaratnarajah:As part of celebrations to welcome the giant pandas Kai Kai and Jia Jia to Singapore, property developer CapitaLand has designed a unique set of plush toy-bags (pictured) in an effort to spread the message of protecting critically endangered species. STOCKS NEWS SINGAPORE-Index rises, led by Noble, NOL Singapore shares were higher, snapping a four-day losingstreak, with commodities trader Noble Group Ltd andcontainer shipping company Neptune Orient Lines Ltd (NOL) among the biggest gainers on the index. ... Any Singapore property play pullback is buy chance: Credit Suisse Any pullback in Singapore property stocks on the new rules limiting "shoebox" residential units offers a good entry window, Credit Suisse says. It says it expected the measures, but they may have been a surprise to some. ?Although the measures are considered mild, and that some policy overhang has been factored in, given where valuations are (for some developers), we believe property stocks may ... Singapore's MAS Investigating Property Listings On United Overseas Bank Website The Monetary Authority of Singapore said Thursday it is looking into recent property listings that appeared on the website of United Overseas Bank Ltd. (U11.SG). Singapore Property Market Yields Renewed Foreign Interest Foreign interest is returning to the Singapore housing market after a brief slump, reinforcing Singapore?s status as a prime business location, says Singapore incorporation specialist Rikvin.http://www.rikvin.com/press-releases/singapore-property-foreign/Singapore (PRWEB) September 03, 2012 The Singapore housing market is attracting a new surge of foreign interest, following a brief decline ...

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A Girl and Her Pig with Jen Louis of Lincoln Restaurant -

September 1, 2012 By Food Dude 3 Comments

Lincoln Bacon Apple Pie

Author April Bloomfield of A Girl and Her Pig book tour, joined up with chef Jenn Louis of Lincoln Restaurant for a Portland tour. It?s a nice look at Sauvie Island Organics, Breakside Brewery, Olympic Provisions, and of course, Lincoln.

"I have a wide-range of food experience - working in the restaurant industry on both sides of the house, later in the wine industry, and finally traveling/tasting my way around the world. Whether you agree or disagree, you can always count on my unbiased opinion. I don't take free meals, and the restaurants don't know when, or if, I am coming."

Source: http://www.portlandfoodanddrink.com/a-girl-and-her-pig-with-jen-louis-of-lincoln-restaurant-2/

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